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- WORLD, Page 33SOVIET UNIONThe Trouble with Independence
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- If Soviet domestic politics seem more complicated than
- ever, so does U.S. policy toward the U.S.S.R. Washington's
- endorsement last week of the Kremlin's decision to dispatch
- troops to stop the bloody fighting between Armenians and
- Azerbaijanis would have been unthinkable just a few years ago.
- Now that the Soviet military threat seems less menacing, other
- issues are coming to the fore, including the disputes among the
- various nationalities that make up the Soviet Union. The past
- few weeks have demonstrated just how tangled and explosive
- these conflicts are and how difficult it will be for the U.S.
- to decide on its response to each one.
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- About half the U.S.S.R.'s 286 million people are Russian;
- the rest of the population is splintered among nearly 100 other
- ethnic groups. The non-Russians best known in the West are the
- Baltic peoples -- Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians -- who are
- noisily resisting Moscow's domination. The three independent
- republics were forcibly incorporated into the Soviet Union in
- 1940, following the signing of the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. For
- 50 years the U.S. has said Soviet rule in the Baltic republics
- is illegitimate.
-
- But policy is not always as clear as principle. The Bush
- Administration does not want to see Mikhail Gorbachev unseated
- by conservatives who charge he has "lost" Lithuania. Neither,
- however, can Washington retreat from its historic position. The
- Administration has therefore said as little as possible, while
- hoping a compromise can be achieved.
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- Moldavia too was forcibly incorporated in the U.S.S.R.
- after the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. Ethnically, linguistically
- and historically, Moldavia is part of Rumania, and some
- Moldavians now talk of reunification. Despite the justice of
- such an aspiration, achieving it would set the dangerous
- precedent of changing Europe's postwar borders. Hungarians,
- Poles, Germans and others all have potential territorial claims
- against their neighbors. The result of an epidemic of
- irredentism might be not merely political chaos but even war.
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- In the Caucasus the roots of the violence reach back
- centuries, to the time when the Ottoman Empire conquered the
- area. In 1920 Armenia, after a brief period of independence
- following the Bolshevik Revolution, sought protection from its
- Musneighbors and chose to become a Soviet republic.
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- Some Azerbaijanis have lately begun to demand a separate
- state for themselves and their ethnic kin on the other side of
- the Iranian border. Because such a state would violate the
- integrity of two existing countries, those demands are setting
- the stage for an unlikely, if not necessarily unholy, alliance
- between the Communists in Moscow and the Islamic fundamentalists
- in Tehran. Opposing Azerbaijani nationalism would align
- Washington with both.
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- Strange alliances, centuries-old feuds, hard choices
- between the national rights of captive nations and the political
- health of a bold reformer: these are the issues that U.S.
- policy toward the Soviet Union now confronts. In the
- post-cold-war era, Washington and Moscow are not necessarily at
- odds everywhere, and an American President can feel morally
- justified and politically comfortable in ena Soviet leader's
- decision to send troops to keep order within his own country.
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- By Michael Mandelbaum. [Michael Mandelbaum directs the Council
- on Foreign Relations' East-West Project.]
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